What are common SQL data types?

-- Integer types
TINYINT     -- -128 to 127 (1 byte)
SMALLINT    -- -32,768 to 32,767 (2 bytes)
INT         -- -2B to 2B (4 bytes)
BIGINT      -- Very large numbers (8 bytes)

-- Decimal types
DECIMAL(10,2)  -- Exact, for money: 12345678.90
NUMERIC(10,2)  -- Same as DECIMAL
FLOAT          -- Approximate, 4 bytes
DOUBLE         -- Approximate, 8 bytes

-- Example
CREATE TABLE products (
  id INT,
  quantity SMALLINT,
  price DECIMAL(10,2),
  rating FLOAT
);

-- Fixed/Variable length
CHAR(10)        -- Fixed 10 characters (padded)
VARCHAR(255)    -- Variable up to 255 characters

-- Large text
TEXT            -- Up to 65KB
MEDIUMTEXT      -- Up to 16MB
LONGTEXT        -- Up to 4GB

-- Binary
BINARY(16)      -- Fixed binary (UUIDs)
VARBINARY(255)  -- Variable binary
BLOB            -- Binary large object

-- Example
CREATE TABLE users (
  id INT,
  country_code CHAR(2),      -- Always 2 chars: 'US', 'UK'
  name VARCHAR(100),
  bio TEXT
);

DATE            -- '2024-01-15'
TIME            -- '10:30:00'
DATETIME        -- '2024-01-15 10:30:00'
TIMESTAMP       -- Same, but with timezone (MySQL)
YEAR            -- '2024'

-- Example
CREATE TABLE events (
  id INT,
  event_date DATE,
  start_time TIME,
  created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

-- Boolean
BOOLEAN         -- TRUE/FALSE (or TINYINT(1) in MySQL)

-- JSON (MySQL 5.7+, PostgreSQL)
JSON            -- Stores JSON documents

-- UUID (PostgreSQL)
UUID            -- 128-bit unique identifier

-- ENUM
ENUM('small', 'medium', 'large')