How to parse and format URLs in Node.js?

const { URL, URLSearchParams } = require('url');

// Parse URL
const myURL = new URL('https://user:pass@example.com:8080/path?query=1#hash');

console.log(myURL.href);       // Full URL
console.log(myURL.protocol);   // 'https:'
console.log(myURL.username);   // 'user'
console.log(myURL.password);   // 'pass'
console.log(myURL.host);       // 'example.com:8080'
console.log(myURL.hostname);   // 'example.com'
console.log(myURL.port);       // '8080'
console.log(myURL.pathname);   // '/path'
console.log(myURL.search);     // '?query=1'
console.log(myURL.hash);       // '#hash'

// Parse query string
const params = new URLSearchParams('name=John&age=30');
console.log(params.get('name'));  // 'John'
console.log(params.has('age'));   // true

// Iterate
for (const [key, value] of params) {
  console.log(key, value);
}

// Modify
params.set('age', '31');
params.append('city', 'NYC');
params.delete('name');

console.log(params.toString()); // 'age=31&city=NYC'

const url = new URL('https://api.example.com');
url.pathname = '/users';
url.searchParams.set('page', '1');
url.searchParams.set('limit', '10');

console.log(url.href);
// https://api.example.com/users?page=1&limit=10

// Relative URL
const relative = new URL('/api/data', 'https://example.com');
console.log(relative.href); // https://example.com/api/data